Information

gitg -all, A GUI for the git repo.
git status Shows the states of the files in the working tree and the stage area. Also shown are commands that are applicable depending on the situtation.
git config ––list Shows the configuration.
git branch -a Shows local and remote branches.
git branch -v Shows the last commit in each branch.
git log Lists the commits in reverse chronological order.
git log ––stat Displays some stats information
git log – <filename> Shows the commit history of a file.
git log -p – <filename> Shows the commit history of a file including log patches.
git log -p -2 Lists the last 2 entries.
git show HEAD Displays the last commit. Older commits: git show HEAD~, git show HEAD~2.

HEAD The snapshot of the last commit.

Based on 14.2.

    $ cat .git/refs/heads/master 
    bba067782b5a376187758f9a48b9fb0105479e27

    $ git cat-file -p bba067782b
    tree de1430ae7b7f8bd7aea7db54bf3bfb11fd3f337c
    parent d754ed16d18e0aaa016ddff5c69c82680d47709a
    author Thorsten Kracht <thorsten.kracht@desy.de> 1453200582 +0100
    committer Thorsten Kracht <thorsten.kracht@desy.de> 1453200582 +0100

    commit master3.lis, after creating test branch

    $ git ls-tree -r de1430ae7b
    100644 blob 6db64cf9747598f61da75f9add43812034375c4b	master1.lis
    100644 blob f344af6210a63ad519d327e9ca857432d7a23b4b	master2.lis
    100644 blob 6c90093ce45d99e2a8bc52f65950b5dd2e4cb6c1	master3.lis

INDEX the snapshot of the next commit.

Based on 14.2.

    $ git ls-files -s
    100644 6db64cf9747598f61da75f9add43812034375c4b 0	master1.lis
    100644 f344af6210a63ad519d327e9ca857432d7a23b4b 0	master2.lis
    100644 6c90093ce45d99e2a8bc52f65950b5dd2e4cb6c1 0	master3.lis